Substrate‐Controlled and Site‐Selective [3+2] Cycloadditions of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Derived Ambident Dipoles

Abstract

2-Aryl thiocarbamoyl benzimidazolium and imidazolinium inner salts derived from benzimidazole and imidazoline carbenes are unique ambident C-C-S and C-C-N 1,3-dipolar systems, which undergo highly efficient and site-selective cycloaddition reactions with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or dibenzoylacetylene to furnish spiro(imidazole-2,3′-thiophene) derivatives in excellent yields. When treated with ethyl propiolate, methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile, spiro(imidazole-2,3′-pyrrole) derivatives were formed in good yields. Theoretical studies revealed an asynchronous concerted mechanism for both the C-C-S and C-C-N 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. The site selectivity in the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of ambident 1,3-dipoles was predictably regulated by both the electronic and steric effects of dipolarophiles.